Underwater Volcanoes, Mountains and Valleys: Mapping the Topography of the Ocean Floor

The ocean is the largest feature on Earth, covering more than 70% of our planet's surface. One of the main reasons that Wegener's continental drift hypothesis was not widely accepted when first proposed was that so little was known about the ocean floor. Until the 20th century, investigators used weighted lines to measure water depth. In deep water these depth measurements, or soundings, took hours to perform and could be wildly inaccurate.

With the development of new marine tools following World War II, our knowledge of the diverse topography of the ocean floor grew rapidly. One of the most interesting discoveries was the global oceanic ridge system. This broad elevated landform which stands two to three kilometers above the adjacent deep ocean basins, is the longest topographic feature on Earth.

Today we know that oceanic ridges mark divergent plate margins, where new oceanic lithosphere originates. We also know that deep ocean trenches represent convergent plate boundaries, where oceanic lithosphere is subducted into the mantle. Because the process of plate tectonics is creating oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and consuming it at subduction zones, the oceanic crust is continually being renewed and recycled.





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